What causes eczema?

Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is an inflammatory skin condition that can affect people of all ages, but is particularly common in young children. Understanding the causes of eczema is essential for better managing and preventing this often uncomfortable condition. Here's an overview of the main triggers and mechanisms involved in the development of eczema.

Atopic Eczema and the Immune System

Atopic eczema is the most common form of this condition. It is a chronic condition linked to an abnormal immune response. The immune system of people with atopic eczema overreacts to normally harmless substances, triggering an inflammatory reaction in the skin. This excessive response can be genetically inherited and is often associated with other atopic conditions like hay fever and asthma.

Allergens and Chemicals

One of the main causes of eczema is contact with allergens. These substances can include chemicals found in detergents, soaps, perfumes, and personal care products. When they come into skin contact, these agents can trigger an allergic reaction, appearing as red patches, itching, and irritation. Contact eczema is a specific form of this reaction, usually occurring 24 to 48 hours after exposure to the allergen.

Staphylococcus Aureus Infection

People with eczema often have high levels of Staphylococcus aureus on their skin. This bacterium can worsen inflammation and eczema symptoms by producing toxins that aggravate the immune response. The presence of these bacteria on skin damaged by eczema can also lead to secondary infections, further worsening the condition.

Dry Skin

Having dry skin is both a cause and a symptom of eczema. People with eczema often have a weakened skin barrier, which allows moisture to escape and makes the skin more vulnerable to irritants and allergens. Dry skin can worsen eczema symptoms by increasing itching and cracking, which can then lead to more inflammation and irritation.

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors also play a crucial role in triggering eczema. Changes in temperature, humidity, pollution, and even stress can worsen symptoms. Young children, in particular, may be more sensitive to environmental changes, which can trigger or aggravate eczema.

Other Common Triggers

In addition to chemicals and allergens, other common eczema triggers include:

• Certain foods: For some people, specific foods can trigger an allergic reaction that appears as eczema.
• Irritating clothing: Rough fabrics or certain synthetic materials can irritate the skin and cause eczema flare-ups.
• Sweat: Moisture from sweat can irritate the skin and worsen eczema symptoms.

How to Prevent and Treat Atopic Eczema?

Several strategies can help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

To start, it's crucial to moisturize your skin regularly using thick creams or ointments several times a day to maintain the skin barrier and prevent dryness. Opt for creams with ceramides, peptides, and hyaluronic acid.

It's also advisable to take lukewarm baths with moisturizing agents to prevent skin dehydration.

Identify and avoid potential triggers, such as allergens found in chemicals, detergents, and soaps, by choosing gentle, hypoallergenic products.

Medical treatments, such as corticosteroid creams and calcineurin inhibitors, can help reduce inflammation and itching, while antihistamines can relieve allergy-related symptoms.

If bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, are suspected, it is essential to consult a doctor for appropriate treatment.

Complementary treatments, such as phototherapy, may also be considered for severe cases. Additionally, managing stress through relaxation techniques and maintaining a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids can support skin health. If symptoms persist despite these measures, consulting a dermatologist is recommended for more specialized treatments.

Conclusion

Eczema is a complex condition with multiple causes and triggers. Understanding these factors can help better manage this condition. Allergenic substances, chemicals, dry skin, bacterial infections, and environmental factors are all potential contributors to this inflammatory disease. Managing eczema often involves a combination of strategies to avoid triggers, moisturize the skin, and treat secondary infections. By taking steps to identify and minimize these triggers, it is possible to reduce eczema flare-ups and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.