How to treat atopic skin?

Skin conditions are numerous, and access to care is becoming increasingly difficult, while one in two French people feel self-conscious about their skin (Ifop study for Sanofi), a phenomenon exacerbated by social media.

Eczema is a frequently discussed condition. The most common forms are atopic dermatitis and contact eczema. We explain their causes and how to alleviate the symptoms.

How to recognize eczema?

Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that progresses in flare-ups. It is common in children but can occur at any age.

It is characterized by hypersensitivity, dry skin, sometimes with red, itchy skin lesions that can crack or ooze if left untreated.

There are two main types: atopic dermatitis (or atopic eczema) and contact eczema.

Contact Eczema: Let's take a closer look

Contact eczema is caused by an allergic reaction that leads to skin inflammation. This reaction occurs when the skin comes into contact with an allergen in an area where it has previously been exposed. It can remain localized or spread to other parts of the body.

Contact eczema can be triggered in people without a genetic predisposition.

Atopic Dermatitis: What is it?

Atopic eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition influenced by genetic factors that lead to hypersensitivity. It is therefore different from contact eczema, which is acquired and can be treated by avoiding the trigger.

It's important to note that atopic dermatitis is not contagious, meaning you cannot catch it from someone who has it.

Who is affected by atopy?

While this condition can affect adults, it often appears very early in life. It is estimated to affect over 2.5 million people in France.

What causes atopic eczema?

Atopic dermatitis is caused by many factors, including a genetic predisposition, an atopic tendency, and environmental sensitivity.

The exact causes of this skin condition are not fully understood, but here are some of the factors involved:

• Genetic Factors: Atopic-prone skin often appears in individuals with a family history of allergic conditions like eczema, asthma, or allergic rhinitis.
• Immune System Dysfunction: People with atopic dermatitis have an overactive immune system and increased sensitivity to allergens and irritants, leading to an inappropriate inflammatory response in the skin.
• Impaired Skin Barrier: Allergens can therefore penetrate the skin more easily, worsening inflammation. This reduces the effectiveness and role of the skin barrier.
• Environmental Factors: These can worsen atopic dermatitis symptoms. They may include dust mites, mold, irritating chemicals, temperature changes, stress, and more.

What are the symptoms of atopic dermatitis?

The main symptoms of atopic dermatitis include dry skin, itchy red patches, skin thickening, the appearance of small blisters, and alternating periods of eczema flare-ups and remission.

Flare-up phases are always accompanied by intense itching, which causes irritability and makes it difficult to sleep.

During remission phases, the skin remains dry and tight, sometimes to the point of itching.

Atopic dermatitis primarily appears in the creases of the elbows and knees, as well as on the hands, neck, and face.

Your Atopic Skin Condition

Dry Skin:

With atopic dermatitis, the skin's lipid production is limited. This often results in very dry skin, contributing to a fragile skin barrier and moisture loss. Therefore, it's crucial to constantly hydrate the skin with moisturizing ingredients and ceramides.

Impaired Skin Barrier:

The skin barrier in people with atopic dermatitis is compromised. It no longer performs its protective role, allowing allergens and irritants to easily penetrate the skin.

Chronic Inflammation:

Atopic dermatitis is characterized by persistent skin inflammation. Immune cells overreact to irritants and external aggressors, leading to an excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (signaling molecules produced in response to infection) which then promote and amplify the body's inflammatory response.

Redness:

Chronic inflammation can cause redness that will be visible on different parts of the body.

Itching and Skin Lesions:

These are the most common symptoms of atopic dermatitis. They cause significant discomfort and can lead to skin lesions from excessive scratching.

How to Manage Your Atopic Eczema?

Unfortunately, it is not possible to get rid of atopic eczema, as it is a chronic condition. However, there are ways to reduce symptoms and soothe itching.
Here are some steps to better manage atopic eczema:

Consult a dermatologist: they can provide an accurate diagnosis and offer advice tailored to your specific situation.

Moisturize your skin: this is essential to maintain your skin barrier and reduce dryness. Use fragrance-free moisturizing creams whenever your skin needs it.

Avoid triggers: identify what causes your eczema flare-ups and avoid them as much as possible.

Manage stress: stress can indeed worsen eczema symptoms.

Wear soft, breathable clothing: rough clothing can irritate the skin and contribute to inflammation.

Avoid excessive skin washing: especially with hot water for too long, which can cause dehydration.

What Ingredients for Atopic Skin? 

It is essential to consult a dermatologist for precise recommendations. However, here are some commonly recommended ingredients for atopic skin:

Ceramides: these are lipids naturally found in the skin barrier. They help strengthen this barrier and prevent moisture loss.

Hyaluronic acid: it can hold up to 1000 times its weight in water, which helps keep the skin hydrated.

Glycerin: it attracts moisture from the surrounding air and retains it in the skin. It also strengthens the skin barrier and prevents transepidermal water loss.

 Natural oils: some oils are rich in fatty acids and help seal moisture into the skin.

Niacinamide: it is known for its moisturizing and soothing properties that help strengthen the skin barrier.

What Habits and Skincare Can Worsen Atopy? 

Certain habits can worsen the symptoms of atopy. Here are a few:

Harsh soaps and shower gels: cleansing products containing fragrances, dyes, or strong foaming agents (sulfates, MEA, TEA, etc.) can irritate atopic skin. Therefore, it is preferable to use gentle cleansers made with rebalancing ingredients such as probiotics.

Excessively hot water: it can dry out the skin and worsen skin dryness.

Excessive rubbing: after showering, it is better to gently pat the skin dry.

Fragrances and scented products: perfumes and scented skincare products can trigger allergic or irritating reactions. Therefore, it is recommended to use fragrance-free skincare.