The immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the health of all tissues in the body. It responds to invaders, such as microorganisms, foreign substances or cancer cells, and triggers inflammation to attack these invaders.
Usually, the immune system's response protects the body and promotes healing. However, sometimes the immune system overreacts or the response is misdirected to healthy tissues and causes intense inflammation and damage. These abnormal immune system responses are called hypersensitivity reactions.
Some hypersensitivity reactions are called allergies, especially when they occur after exposure to substances that are generally harmless to most people.
Symptoms of skin hypersensitivity and pathophysiology
Hypersensitive skin is defined as skin that is hyper-reactive to different variable aggressive factors and well tolerated by normal skin. A more extreme and common version of sensitive skin , hypersensitive skin is characterized by unpleasant sensations and visible reactions when sufferers come into contact with generally harmless internal or external stressors such as extreme temperatures, chemicals or UV rays. These sensations and their intensity vary from one individual to another, which can make diagnosis difficult.
People with hypersensitive skin may experience a variety of symptoms, including redness , tightness , tingling , itching , discomfort , and irritation .
There are three signs and symptoms commonly experienced by sufferers:
- an altered skin barrier,
- very reactive sensory fibers in the epidermis,
- redness often caused by inflammation.
Causes of skin hypersensitivity
Several factors can contribute to increased skin sensitivity.
- Altered skin barrier
The impaired skin barrier leads to increased transepidermal water loss, making it more prone to irritants .
The skin becomes more permeable to irritants and allergens.
- Hyper reactivity of the nervous system
The hyperactive or overstimulated sensory fibers of the epidermis react more quickly and much stronger than those of normal skin. These sensory fibers trigger unpleasant skin sensations that have been described as, among other things, tingling, burning or pulling of the skin of the face or scalp, none of which have visible symptoms.
In more severe cases, these non-visible symptoms may be supplemented by dryness and spots or redness.
- Genetic factors
Genetic predispositions may make some people more likely to develop hypersensitive skin . Some skin conditions, such as eczema, atopic dermatitis , or rosacea, can be inherited and make the skin more reactive.
- Exposure to irritants and allergens
The use of cosmetic products containing irritant or allergenic ingredients can also trigger skin reactions in hypersensitive people. Preservatives, fragrances, dyes and harsh cleaning agents are some of the main culprits. It is therefore crucial for those with sensitive skin to choose products specially formulated for their skin type.
- Environmental conditions
Environmental conditions such as wind, cold, sun, pollution or limescale in tap water can aggravate skin sensitivity and trigger skin reactions in hypersensitive people.
- Hormonal changes
Hormonal fluctuations, such as those that occur during pregnancy, menopause or the menstrual cycle, can also affect skin sensitivity and trigger skin reactions in some people.
While it is possible to have dry skin or acne as a result of hypersensitive skin, unless it is accompanied by unpleasant sensations, the skin is not considered hypersensitive. Likewise, redness can lead to skin prone to rosacea and ultimately rosacea when experienced alongside sensations, but redness is not exclusive to hypersensitive skin.
Difference between sensitive and hypersensitive skin?
The difference between sensitive skin and hypersensitive skin lies in the intensity and frequency of skin reactions, as well as the variety of stimuli that trigger these reactions.
Sensitive skin :
- Sensitive skin has a lower tolerance threshold to environmental factors such as wind, sun, cold and pollution than "normal" skin. They therefore react more easily to certain environmental factors.
- People with sensitive skin may experience occasional discomfort, such as redness, tightness, or itching, in response to certain products or environmental conditions.
- Skin reactions in people with sensitive skin may be mild to moderate and can be alleviated with proper skin care .
Hypersensitive skin:
- Hypersensitive skin overreacts and more frequently to a wide range of stimuli, including cosmetics, chemicals , stress, hormonal changes, and environmental conditions.
- Skin reactions in people with hypersensitive skin are more severe and can include redness, stinging, burning, intense itching, irritation, and even rashes.
- People with hypersensitive skin may experience constant discomfort or acute symptoms even in the absence of an obvious stimulus.
In summary, the main difference between sensitive skin and hypersensitive skin is the severity and frequency of skin reactions, as well as the range of stimuli that trigger these reactions. While sensitive skin may react occasionally to certain factors, hypersensitive skin reacts more intensely and persistently to a variety of stimuli, often requiring a gentler, more attentive approach to skin care.
Treatment of skin hypersensitivity
Treatment of hypersensitive skin involves several approaches.
First of all, it is essential to identify and avoid potential triggers such as irritating cosmetic products or harsh environmental factors. Opt for a skincare routine with gentle, hypoallergenic, fragrance-free and non-comedogenic skincare.
Skin care for sensitive skin should focus on strengthening the skin barrier to reduce skin reactivity. Moisturizers rich in soothing ingredients like aloe, chamomile , oatmeal, shea butter , or argan oil can help calm and hydrate the skin.
Regular use of gentle skincare products , such as leave-on makeup remover lotions or micellar waters, can help eliminate impurities without damaging the skin.
Cleanse your face morning and evening with gentle cleansers without harsh surfactants that can disrupt the skin's natural balance.
Serums with soothing ingredients like hyaluronic acid, glycerin, or vitamins can also be beneficial for strengthening the skin barrier and reducing inflammation.
Then apply a soothing moisturizer to strengthen the skin barrier and protect your skin from external aggressions.
Use makeup products specially formulated for sensitive skin that are fragrance and allergen-free. Opt for a lightweight foundation or BB cream to hide imperfections without clogging pores.
Remember to apply sunscreen with a high SPF every day to protect your skin from harmful UV rays. Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun and wear a hat and protective clothing when outdoors.
In conclusion, skin hypersensitivity is a common condition that can be managed with the right skin care and treatment. By identifying and avoiding potential triggers, strengthening the skin barrier and adopting a gentle, non-aggressive skincare routine, it is possible to reduce symptoms and improve overall skin health. Do not hesitate to consult a dermatologist if you have any concerns or questions regarding your hypersensitive skin.
This skin professional will be able to assess your condition and prescribe appropriate treatments, such as anti-inflammatory creams, topical corticosteroids or oral medications depending on the severity of your skin hypersensitivity.