Eczema, also known as dermatitis, is an inflammatory skin condition that can affect people of all ages, but is particularly common in young children. Understanding the causes of eczema is essential to better manage and prevent this often uncomfortable condition. Here’s a look at the main triggers and mechanisms involved in the development of eczema.
Atopic eczema and the immune system
Atopic eczema is the most common form of this disease. It is a chronic condition related to an abnormal immune response. The immune system of people with atopic eczema overreacts to normally harmless substances, triggering an inflammatory reaction in the skin . This overreaction can be inherited genetically and is often associated with other atopic conditions such as hay fever and asthma.
Allergenic substances and chemicals
One of the main causes of eczema is contact with allergenic substances. These substances can include chemicals found in detergents, soaps, perfumes, and personal care products. When they come into contact with the skin , these agents can trigger an allergic reaction that manifests as red, itchy, and irritated patches . Contact eczema is a specific form of this reaction, usually occurring 24 to 48 hours after exposure to the allergen.
Staphylococcus aureus infection
People with eczema often have high levels of Staphylococcus aureus on their skin. This bacteria can exacerbate the inflammation and symptoms of eczema by producing toxins that worsen the immune response. The presence of these bacteria on skin damaged by eczema can also lead to secondary infections, further aggravating the condition.
Dry skin
Dry skin is both a cause and a symptom of eczema. People with eczema often have a weakened skin barrier, which allows moisture to escape and makes the skin more vulnerable to irritants and allergens. Dry skin can worsen eczema symptoms by increasing itching and cracking, which can then lead to more inflammation and irritation.
Environmental factors
Environmental factors also play a crucial role in triggering eczema. Temperature fluctuations, humidity, pollution, and even stress can exacerbate symptoms. Young children , in particular, may be more sensitive to environmental changes, which can trigger or worsen eczema.
Other common triggers
In addition to chemicals and allergens, other common eczema triggers include:
- Certain foods : For some people, specific foods can trigger an allergic reaction that manifests as eczema.
- Irritating clothing : Rough fabrics or certain synthetic materials can irritate the skin and cause eczema flare-ups.
- Sweating : Moisture from sweating can irritate the skin and worsen eczema symptoms.
How to prevent and treat atopic eczema?
Several strategies can help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
To start, it is crucial to moisturize the skin regularly by using thick creams or ointments several times a day to maintain the skin barrier and prevent dryness. Favor creams with ceramides, peptides and hyaluronic acid.
It is also advisable to take lukewarm baths with moisturizing agents to avoid skin dehydration.
Identify and avoid potential triggers, such as allergens found in chemicals, detergents, and soaps, by choosing gentle, hypoallergenic products.
Medical treatments, such as corticosteroid creams and calcineurin inhibitors, can help reduce inflammation and itching, while antihistamines can relieve allergy-related symptoms.
If bacterial infections, such as those caused by Staphylococcus aureus , are suspected, it is essential to consult a doctor for appropriate treatment.
Complementary treatments, such as phototherapy, may also be considered for severe cases. Additionally, managing stress through relaxation techniques and maintaining a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids can support skin health. If symptoms persist despite these measures, consulting a dermatologist is recommended for more specialized treatments.
Conclusion
Eczema is a complex condition with multiple causes and triggers. Understanding these factors can help better manage this condition. Allergy-causing substances , chemicals, dry skin, bacterial infections, and environmental factors are all potential contributors to this inflammatory condition. Managing eczema often involves a combination of strategies to avoid triggers, moisturize the skin, and treat secondary infections. By taking steps to identify and minimize these triggers, it is possible to reduce eczema flare-ups and improve the quality of life of those affected.