Hyperpigmentation is a common skin disorder that manifests as brown or dark spots on the skin. This phenomenon is mainly due to an excess production of melanin , the pigment responsible for skin color . Although often benign, this condition can be a source of aesthetic concerns, especially when the pigment spots are located on the face , hands or décolleté . Understanding the causes of hyperpigmentation and how to prevent or treat it is essential to maintain an even skin tone and healthy skin.
The main causes of hyperpigmentation
1. Exposure to sun and UV rays
Sun exposure is the most common cause of hyperpigmentation . UV rays stimulate melanocytes , the cells responsible for producing melanin . Prolonged sun exposure without adequate sun protection leads to the formation of pigment spots , also called sun spots or lentigines . Sunscreens with a high protection factor ( SPF 30 or higher) are essential to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays and prevent the appearance of new spots .
2. Skin aging
As we age , our skin undergoes natural changes, including an accumulation of melanin in certain areas. Age spots , also called senile lentigines , appear mainly on parts of the body exposed to the sun , such as the hands and face . Skin aging also promotes the breakdown of collagen and the appearance of wrinkles , accentuating pigmentary imperfections .
3. Hormonal changes
Hormonal fluctuations, especially during pregnancy or due to taking contraceptives, can cause a particular type of hyperpigmentation called melasma , or pregnancy mask . These brown spots usually appear on the forehead , cheeks and upper lip . Hormones stimulate the production of melanin , which is exacerbated by sun exposure .
4. Inflammations and scars
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation occurs after a skin injury, such as a cut, burn , or acne breakout. As the skin heals , an overproduction of melanin can occur, leaving dark , sometimes unsightly spots that can persist for months. Regular exfoliation with gentle products like fruit acids ( AHAs ) can help fade these marks .
5. Genetic factors and phototype
People with black or dark skin (phototypes IV to VI) are more prone to hyperpigmentation due to the high concentration of melanin . Similarly, freckles , due to uneven distribution of melanin , are common in light skin . Genetics also plays a role in the distribution of skin pigments .
The most common types of hyperpigmentation
1. Solar lentigines
These small brown spots appear following prolonged sun exposure . They are particularly visible on areas exposed to the sun , such as the back of the hands and the face .
2. Melasma
It appears as large, symmetrical brown spots , often due to hormonal changes. The use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen is essential to limit its worsening.
3. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation
Caused by skin lesions, it is common after an acne outbreak or superficial burns . Black or mixed-race skin is particularly sensitive to it.
Preventing and treating hyperpigmentation
1. Sun protection
Daily use of a sunscreen with an appropriate SPF is the most effective way to prevent the appearance of pigment spots . Sunscreen products should be applied morning and evening , even in winter, to protect the skin from UVA and UVB rays.
2. Dermatological care
Consulting a dermatologist helps determine the nature of the spots and suggest appropriate treatment. Therapeutic options include:
- Laser and pulsed light : these techniques target pigments and fade brown spots .
- Chemical peel : it exfoliates the epidermis to promote cell renewal .
- Cryotherapy : the application of liquid nitrogen destroys pigmented cells, effective for lentigines .
3. Anti-blemish cosmetic products
Lightening serums based on vitamin C , kojic acid or hydroquinone are particularly effective. These ingredients reduce the production of melanin and fade existing spots . Anti-aging creams enriched with antioxidants and retinoids also promote cell regeneration. Likewise, cleansers based on salicylic acid are recommended for these types of symptoms!
4. Natural remedies
Some essential oils , such as chaulmoogra , are known for their depigmenting properties. Lemon juice , rich in vitamin C , is a traditional remedy for lightening spots , but its use should be cautious because of its photosensitizing effect.
Conclusion
Hyperpigmentation is a complex phenomenon influenced by many factors, including sun exposure , aging and hormonal imbalances . Although pigment spots can be unsightly , they are generally not dangerous. Adopting an appropriate skincare routine, including rigorous sun protection and specific treatments, can prevent and reduce their appearance. In the case of persistent spots , consulting a dermatologist is essential to benefit from appropriate treatment and regain an even and radiant complexion .